UTP & STP

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)

Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires. Since some telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections, twisted pair is sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single cable. For some business locations, twisted pair is enclosed in a shield that functions as a ground. This is known as shielded twisted
pair (STP).

SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP)

Shielded twisted pair is a special kind of copper telephone wiring used in some business installations. An outer covering or shield is added to the ordinary twisted pair telephone wires; the shield functions as a ground.

Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires. Since some telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections, twisted pair is sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single cable. Shielded twisted pair is often used in business installations. The more common kind of wire that is installed to your home is unshielded twisted pair.

```cuti MiD seM```

Happy holiday to UUM citizen....
it's very silence here in UUM now
and all the monkey come out from their place

Silence environment in UUM is very peaceful but
lots of assignment making you under pressure..
hhuuu...good luck to you'll and myself too...

---CCT---

reminder to all friends...we will have a quizs before mid-semester break
so, be prepared to all of you...
wish you all the best and goodluck

e - Commerce

Electronic Commerce, commonly known as (electronic marketing) e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronics funds transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing,online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the world wide web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.

BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B 2 B)

Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer and business-to-government.

The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving subcomponent or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windshields, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single transaction.

COMSUMER TO COMSUMER

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) (or citizen-to-citizen) electronic commerce involves the electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party. A common example is the online auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it; the third party generally charges a flat fee or commission. The sites are only intermediaries, just there to match consumers. They do not have to check quality of the products being offered.

BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B 2 C)

Business-to-consumer (B2C, sometimes also called Business-to-Customer) describes activities of businesses serving end consumers with products and/or services.

An example of a B2C transaction would be a person buying a pair of shoes from a retailer. The transactions that led to the shoes being available for purchase, that is the purchase of the leather, laces, rubber, etc. as well as the sale of the shoe from the shoemaker to the retailer would be considered transactions.

VOIP - VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

Considered as one of the latest advancements related to the use of computer networks, Voice over Internet Protocol (also known as VoIP) has been a helpful tool in improving digital communication. Other terms that are used by computer users to refer to VOIP are broadband telephony, voice over broadband, IP telephony and Internet telephony. These systems feature session control protocols to manage the calls efficiently. When it comes to encoding the speech as an audio stream and a digital audio, Voice over Internet Protocol uses audio codecs. To know more about VoIP, let us look at the benefits from using the system as well as the challenges faced by VoIP users.

Implementations

What is VOIP? Voice over Internet Protocol (also known as VoIP) refers to a set of technologies used for the delivery or transmission of voice communications through the Internet, packet-switched networks and other IP networks. It is implemented in different ways with the use of both open and proprietary protocols. The different implementations of this system include Skype, H.323 and IMS.

Benefits

The use of Voice over Internet Protocol is very advantageous. The use of this system allows people and corporations to save money because the billing is based on the amount of data transferred through the use of the Internet. Aside from this, VoIP has several interesting and helpful features such as call forwarding, conference calling as well as automatic redial. In addition, this system allows computer users to transfer several calls with the use of different protocols or standards like the Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol. Other services available with this digital communications tool are audio conferencing and video conversation.

Challenges

Before using this system, it is important to know the limitations of Voice over Internet Protocol. One of the challenges or limitations of using the system is that it does not offer Quality of Service guarantees. Aside from these, users can experience congestion of information because data are transmitted in a computer network that commonly implements a fixed bandwidth. To avoid the congestion of data, some companies that use the system employ teletraffic engineering technologies.

To make sure that the use of VoIP will be efficient and fast, it is best to follow protocols that are associated with Physical Layer and Data link Layer such as Quality of Service standards. Aside from these, the other protocols that can be used to ensure efficient transmission of data are SIP RTCP Summary Reports, MGCP extensions as well as H.460.9 Annex B.

The Economics of VoIP

VoIP has become popular largely because of the cost advantages to consumers over traditional telepone networks.

VoIP calls can be placed across the Internet. Most Internet connections are charged using a flat monthly fee structure.

Using the Internet connection for both data traffic and voice calls can allow consumers to get rid of one monthly payment. In addition, VoIP plans do not charge a per-minute fee for long distance.

For International calling, the monetary savings to the consumer from switching to VoIP technology can be enormous.

VoIP Telephones

There are three methods of connecting to a VoIP network:

• Using a VoIP telephone
• Using a "normal" telephone with a VoIP adapter
• Using a computer with speakers and a microphone

Types of VoIP Calls

VoIP telephone calls can be placed either to other VoIP devices, or to normal telephones on the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

Calls from a VoIP device to a PSTN device are commonly called "PC-to-Phone" calls, even though the VoIP device may not be a PC.

Calls from a VoIP device to another VoIP device are commonly called "PC-to-PC" calls, even though neither device may be a PC.

---Rilek e-services---

eServices with RILEK

eServices is one of the six Malaysia’s Electronic Government Flagship Applications. In conjunction with the said initiative, KOMMS introduces RILEK to provide innovative online solutions and direct system linkages to JPJ, TNB, Telekom and various financial institutions. These provide us an edge in online payment authorization and multiple services integration.

RILEK provides different options for you, either through our user-friendly kiosks located widely, our website at www.rilek.com.my or RILEK Center, within one host; serving the same purpose.

RILEK is the revolutionary way to perform all your Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ), Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TMB) transactions electronically via various delivery channels.

RILEK offers JPJ Driving Licensing services, summons payment and inquiries on Kejara Points. Our services include electronic utility bill payment for TNB and Telekom bills. You can complete all your billing payments and inquiries from anywhere.

FUTURE PLANS

Besides existing collaborations with the above agencies, RILEK envisions expanding our services to other government agencies soon. Plans are being developed for immediate implementations to make a difference to your lifestyle. In the near future, you will be able to utilize the Government Multi Purpose Card (GMPC) and ATM cards to complete your payment transactions.

ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION

Introducing RILEK as the revolutionary way to perform all your e-government services:

Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)
Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM)
Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TMB)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)

Rilek e-services provide easy transactions electronically via various delivery channels.

RILEK offers JPJ Driving Licences services, summons payments and inquiries on Kejara points

Rilek e-services include electronic utility bill payment for TNB and Telekom bills.

Go online and experience hands-on the technologically advanced payment method, minus the hassle, queues, and frustrations. You can complete all your billing payments and inquiries in an instant, comfortably from anywhere.

STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY

RILEK represent reliability, simplicity and security. RILEK is equipped with high-end multimedia facilities and system support to accommodate heavy traffic flow. In addition, it is capable of processing information at an efficient and high-speed rate. RILEK promotes a hassle-free and innovative lifestyle that is designed to eliminate queues and frustrations. RILEK combines advanced technology and human proficiency to enhance your lifestyle.

...ABOUT MyEG PORTAL...

MyEG Services Berhad is a concessionaire for the Malaysian E-Government MSC Flagship Application. MyEG role as a Service Provider for the E-Services component essentially provides the electronic link between the Government and citizens/businesses.

Through MyEG portal, MyEG offer the Malaysian public a single point of contact between the Government and the people it serves. MyEG portal enables Malaysians to dynamically interact with numerous agencies within the Federal, State and the Local Government machinery providing services ranging from information searches to licence applications.

To cater the services which require physical presence/interaction, MyEG has set up E-Service Centres located throughout the country to complement our online presence. We believe that through this dual approach, we can enhance the relationship and quality of interaction between the Government of Malaysia and it’s citizens.

MyEG Services has established the electronic link between the Government and citizens/businesses. This website enables the Malaysian public a single point of contact between the Government and the people it serves. There are a few other services currently being offered at the website.

	PDRM	- Traffic summons checking and payment services
	JPJ	-JPJ ONLINE ROAD TAX RENEWAL
	JPJ	- JPJ summons checking and payment services
	JIM	- Bankruptcy and liquidation status enquiries
	DBKL	- Assessment and compound checking
	CDL Renewal	- License slip renewal service